Database System Diagrams

This document contains Mermaid diagrams that visualize key database concepts and architectures.

Database Types Classification

graph TD
    A[Database Systems] --> B[Relational RDBMS]
    A --> C[NoSQL Databases]
    A --> D[NewSQL Databases]
    A --> E[Specialized Databases]

    B --> B1[MySQL]
    B --> B2[PostgreSQL]
    B --> B3[Oracle]
    B --> B4[SQL Server]

    C --> C1[Document MongoDB]
    C --> C2[Key-Value Redis]
    C --> C3[Column Cassandra]
    C --> C4[Graph Neo4j]

    D --> D1[CockroachDB]
    D --> D2[Google Spanner]
    D --> D3[TiDB]

    E --> E1[Time-Series InfluxDB]
    E --> E2[In-Memory Redis]
    E --> E3[Search Elasticsearch]

Database System Architecture

graph TB
    subgraph "Client Layer"
        A[Web Application]
        B[Mobile App]
        C[Desktop App]
    end

    subgraph "Application Layer"
        D[API Gateway]
        E[Business Logic]
        F[Authentication]
    end

    subgraph "Database Layer"
        G[Query Processor]
        H[Storage Manager]
        I[Transaction Manager]
        J[Catalog Manager]
    end

    subgraph "Storage Layer"
        K[Primary Storage]
        L[Backup Storage]
        M[Cache Layer]
    end

    A --> D
    B --> D
    C --> D
    D --> E
    E --> F
    E --> G
    G --> H
    H --> I
    I --> J
    H --> K
    K --> L
    H --> M

ACID Properties Visualization

graph LR
    subgraph "Transaction Lifecycle"
        A[Begin Transaction] --> B[Execute Operations]
        B --> C{All Operations<br/>Successful?}
        C -->|Yes| D[Commit]
        C -->|No| E[Rollback]
        D --> F[ACID Properties<br/>Ensured]
        E --> G[Database State<br/>Restored]
    end

    subgraph "ACID Properties"
        H[Atomicity<br/>All or Nothing]
        I[Consistency<br/>Valid State]
        J[Isolation<br/>Concurrent Safety]
        K[Durability<br/>Permanent Storage]
    end

    F --> H
    F --> I
    F --> J
    F --> K

Database Normalization Process

graph TD
    A[Unnormalized Data] --> B[1NF<br/>Atomic Values]
    B --> C[2NF<br/>No Partial Dependencies]
    C --> D[3NF<br/>No Transitive Dependencies]
    D --> E[BCNF<br/>Every Determinant is Key]
    E --> F[4NF<br/>No Multivalued Dependencies]
    F --> G[5NF<br/>No Join Dependencies]

    A --> A1[Raw Data with<br/>Repeating Groups]
    B --> B1[Each Column<br/>Contains Single Value]
    C --> C1[All Non-Key Attributes<br/>Depend on Full Key]
    D --> D1[No Non-Key Attribute<br/>Depends on Non-Key]
    E --> E1[Every Determinant<br/>is Candidate Key]

Database Index Types

graph TD
    A[Database Indexes] --> B[B-Tree Index]
    A --> C[Hash Index]
    A --> D[Bitmap Index]
    A --> E[Full-Text Index]
    A --> F[Composite Index]

    B --> B1[Range Queries]
    B --> B2[Equality Searches]
    B --> B3[Sorted Results]

    C --> C1[Fast Equality]
    C --> C2[No Range Support]
    C --> C3[Fixed Hash Size]

    D --> D1[Low Cardinality]
    D --> D2[Data Warehousing]
    D --> D3[Space Efficient]

    E --> E1[Text Search]
    E --> E2[Full-Text Queries]
    E --> E3[Relevance Scoring]

    F --> F1[Multiple Columns]
    F --> F2[Query Optimization]
    F --> F3[Covering Indexes]

Database Replication Types

graph TB
    subgraph "Master-Slave Replication"
        A[Master Database] --> B[Slave 1]
        A --> C[Slave 2]
        A --> D[Slave 3]
        B --> B1[Read Operations]
        C --> C1[Read Operations]
        D --> D1[Read Operations]
    end

    subgraph "Master-Master Replication"
        E[Master 1] <--> F[Master 2]
        E --> E1[Read/Write]
        F --> F1[Read/Write]
    end

    subgraph "Multi-Master Replication"
        G[Master 1] <--> H[Master 2]
        G <--> I[Master 3]
        H <--> I
        G --> G1[Distributed Writes]
        H --> H1[Distributed Writes]
        I --> I1[Distributed Writes]
    end

Database Security Layers

graph TB
    subgraph "Application Security"
        A[Authentication]
        B[Authorization]
        C[Session Management]
    end

    subgraph "Database Security"
        D[User Management]
        E[Access Control]
        F[Audit Logging]
    end

    subgraph "Data Protection"
        G[Encryption at Rest]
        H[Encryption in Transit]
        I[Data Masking]
    end

    subgraph "Infrastructure Security"
        J[Network Security]
        K[Firewall Rules]
        L[SSL/TLS]
    end

    A --> D
    B --> E
    C --> F
    D --> G
    E --> H
    F --> I
    G --> J
    H --> K
    I --> L

Database Performance Optimization

graph TD
    A[Database Performance] --> B[Query Optimization]
    A --> C[Index Optimization]
    A --> D[Caching Strategy]
    A --> E[Hardware Optimization]

    B --> B1[Query Rewriting]
    B --> B2[Execution Plans]
    B --> B3[Statistics Updates]

    C --> C1[Index Selection]
    C --> C2[Index Maintenance]
    C --> C3[Covering Indexes]

    D --> D1[Application Cache]
    D --> D2[Database Cache]
    D --> D3[Query Result Cache]

    E --> E1[CPU Optimization]
    E --> E2[Memory Tuning]
    E --> E3[Storage I/O]
    E --> E4[Network Configuration]

Modern Database Trends

graph TB
    subgraph "Cloud Databases"
        A[Database as a Service]
        B[Serverless Databases]
        C[Managed Services]
    end

    subgraph "Distributed Systems"
        D[Sharding]
        E[Partitioning]
        F[Replication]
    end

    subgraph "New Paradigms"
        G[NewSQL]
        H[Multi-Model]
        I[Graph Databases]
    end

    subgraph "Automation"
        J[Infrastructure as Code]
        K[Database DevOps]
        L[Auto-Scaling]
    end

    A --> D
    B --> E
    C --> F
    D --> G
    E --> H
    F --> I
    G --> J
    H --> K
    I --> L

Database Transaction States

stateDiagram-v2
    [*] --> Active
    Active --> PartiallyCommitted : Execute Operations
    PartiallyCommitted --> Committed : Commit
    PartiallyCommitted --> Failed : Error Occurs
    Failed --> Aborted : Rollback
    Aborted --> [*]
    Committed --> [*]

    note right of Active : Transaction starts
    note right of PartiallyCommitted : All operations complete
    note right of Committed : Changes made permanent
    note right of Failed : Error detected
    note right of Aborted : Changes undone

Database Schema Evolution

graph LR
    A[Version 1.0] --> B[Add Column]
    B --> C[Version 1.1]
    C --> D[Modify Column Type]
    D --> E[Version 1.2]
    E --> F[Add Index]
    F --> G[Version 1.3]
    G --> H[Drop Column]
    H --> I[Version 2.0]

    A --> A1[Initial Schema]
    C --> C1[Backward Compatible]
    E --> E1[Breaking Change]
    G --> G1[Performance Improvement]
    I --> I1[Major Version]

Database Backup and Recovery

graph TD
    A[Database Backup Strategy] --> B[Full Backup]
    A --> C[Incremental Backup]
    A --> D[Differential Backup]
    A --> E[Transaction Log Backup]

    B --> B1[Complete Database Copy]
    B --> B2[Weekly Schedule]

    C --> C1[Changes Since Last Backup]
    C --> C2[Daily Schedule]

    D --> D1[Changes Since Full Backup]
    D --> D2[Daily Schedule]

    E --> E1[Transaction Log Records]
    E --> E2[Point-in-Time Recovery]

    F[Recovery Process] --> G[Restore Full Backup]
    G --> H[Apply Transaction Logs]
    H --> I[Database Restored]

Database Monitoring and Alerting

graph TB
    subgraph "Monitoring Metrics"
        A[Performance Metrics]
        B[Resource Usage]
        C[Error Rates]
        D[Query Performance]
    end

    subgraph "Alerting System"
        E[Threshold Monitoring]
        F[Anomaly Detection]
        G[Automated Responses]
    end

    subgraph "Reporting"
        H[Dashboard Views]
        I[Performance Reports]
        J[Capacity Planning]
    end

    A --> E
    B --> F
    C --> G
    D --> H
    E --> I
    F --> J
    G --> H

These diagrams provide visual representations of key database concepts, making it easier to understand the relationships and processes involved in database systems.